Artificial Intelligence in Medicine

Nowadays there are insufficient of medical specialist in the most developing countries which can cause of increase of mortality of patients suffered from various diseases. With this case, the institutions of higher learning take certain action to produce as many doctors as possible. However, many patients will die while waiting for students to become doctors and the doctor to become specialist. In this case computer technology could be use to reduce the number of mortality and reduce the waiting time to see the specialist. Computer programs or software developed by emulating human intelligence cou ld be used to assist doctors in making decision without consulting the specialists directly.

This programs or software not created to replace the doctors or the specialists but it is used to assist specialist in diagnosing and predicting patient’s conditions. Employing the technology especially artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in medical applications could reduce the cost, time, human expertise and medical errors. Artificial Intelligence defines as the study to emulate human intelligence into computer technology. However, it is also encompasses such diverse activities such as game playing, automated reasoning, natural language, automatic programming, machine learning, robotics and vision, software tools, modeling human performance and expert systems f or complex decisions. Complex medical decisions are central in each phase of clinical cone, and are usually based on decision elements or findings derived from a single patient by the clinical term.

The discovery of decision elements particular to a given patient is a major task for the clinical term, and a necessary prelude to initiating a cone for the analysis of each phase of clinical cone. On the other hand, computer technology stated above also helps in reducing the cost and time during registration process. They will never be using the manual method. The hospital attendance could simply key in patient’s ID, add and update patient’s record by using software system made by some programmers. Signals are sent to notify the doctor while diagnosing the patient, doctor can refer to patient’s history record for a history treatment. A prescription of medicine can automatically send to the dispensary. Using the technology, problems in preparing the medicine and drug complication can be avoided.

Advantages and disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence is the area of computer science focusing on creating machines that engage on behavior that human consider intelligent. The ability to create intelligent machines has intrigued hum an since ancient times. Thus, artificial intelligence is a combination of computer science, physiology and philosophy. With this definitions and cases it shows that not only the good effects to us or it gives certain benefits that artificial intelligence d id but it has some bad effects which we consider as advantages and disadvantages respectively with respect to good effects and bad effects. This advantages and disadvantages tell us or give us information about how effective is artificial intelligence is a nd to understand further how artificial intelligence work.

As to its advantages, machine which is program as artificial intelligence can be used to take complex and stressful work that would be otherwise performed by humans. With this case, machine can wo rk even overnight. Next, machines can complete the task faster than a human to do same task because its command for its movement speed. Next, it used for exploring landscape, went to outer space and also be useful in our home activities which we called Ar tificial intelligence in household. Machines have less errors and defect, minimized time and resources. Time and resources are not wasted but effectively used to achieve the end goal. To relate this advantages of artificial intelligence to medical terms. Artificial intelligence can complete the operations faster compared with

doctors because it assists all the works. It can lessen errors of doing operations and diagnosis. Artificial intelligence is consistent in doing the work or operations, quick replication, fast processing. It also used for testing something with the used of isolation by using simulation, like doing test, blood test and many others. As to its disadvantages, artificial intelligence lacks inspiration. Artificial intelligence do their task because of nothing and its because they are only program to do certain task. Artificial intelligence needs instructions, they do there work depends on the instructions given by the programmer to do certain task. Artificial intelligence is predictable, it will only ever create new permutations of know states. In this case, you can predict what artificial intelligence doing because artificial intelligence has only one behavior which in doing its task. Artificial intelligence is redundant, which means doing ce rtain task that is already done. On the other hand, artificial intelligence gives rise to humans feeling insecure and may have the fear of losing their job because its ability to replace a human job. And therefore it can foster feeling of inferiority among workers and staff. Artificial intelligence can be possibly malfunctions and do the opposite of what they program to do.

Purpose in making Artificial Intelligence in medical application

Medical artificial intelligence is primary concerned with the const ruction of artificial intelligence programs that perform diagnosis and make therapy recommendations. In this case, many intelligent systems have developed for the purpose of doing fastest operations with deals in medication, for enhancing health-care and provide better health care facilities, reduce cost and many others. It also developed for or to assist users, particularly doctors and patients and to provide early diagnosis and prediction to prevent serious illness. However, intelligent system can never replace the human expertise because as human they are very useful as required in doing frequent monitoring to ensure the validation of the system.

The challenge, however, is for researchers and developers of Artificial Intelligence to push boundaries by elevating the capabilities of computer systems so as to be adaptable and creative when handling specific and unfamiliar situations. To produce machines that are capable of automating even the most human of tasks requiring intelligent thought. The purpose of Artificial Intelligence research should not be misunderstood, though. It is not to replicate human beings, but rather to develop useful machines that can solve problems as well as humans. To such an end, researchers may employ methods that perform more computations than commonly achievable by human endeavor or methods that are not observed in people.

Artificial Intelligence vs. Human in medications

Today, programmers continuously develop or study to become more accurate how the artificial intelligence works. So they come up with online medical applications which are the implications of studies involving the use of neural network applications to provide diagnostic and predictive medical opinions is highly promising for the future of online medical advice. Results were highly favorable in both studies. Neither study predicts the future of this type of application, taking into consideration the fact that neural network applications continue to learn during use. So neural network is a mathematical model or computational model that is inspired by the structure and or functional aspects of biological neural networks. A neural network consists of an interconnected group of artificial neurons, and it processes information using a connectionist approach to computation.

In making artificial intelligence in medications th ey come up to developed a medical robotics. Medical robotics is am exciting and relatively new field. Robots can be used in medical facilities to perform mundane tasks like delivering patient specimens and records to various areas of the hospital. They can also be highly specialized and assist in diagnosing and treating patients. While there is still much more work to be done, using robots can enhance medical treatment in terms of both the quality and accessibility of care. Using robots can help reduce human error and bring highly specialized information to remote areas without requiring physicians to travel.

As to the history of medical robotics, medical robotics was first experimented with during the 1980s, in the field of urology. Robotic arms were developed and used to resection the prostate. Robotics was used only in a limited capacity, though, as its imaging capability as regards the prostate was of poor quality. Also during the 1980s, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-Ames Research Center, began to explore the use of robotics for telemedicine. Telemedicine involves using robots to allow a physician to monitor and treat a patient without being in the patient’s physical presence. As advances were made, NASA realized the potential application of telemedicine to battlefields, and devoted large amounts of funding to its development.

The goal of using robots in medicine is to provide improved diagnostic abilities, a less invasive and more comfortable experience for the patient, and the ability to do smaller and more precise interventions. Robots are currently used not just for prostate surgery, but for hysterectomies, the removal of fibroids, joint replacements, open-heart surgery and kidney surgeries. They can be used along with MRIs to provide organ biopsies. Since the physician can see images of the patient and control the robot through a computer, she does not need to be in the room, or even at the same location as the patient. This means th at a specialist can operate on a patient who is very far away without either of them having to travel. It can also provide a better work environment for the physician by reducing strain and fatigue. Surgeries that last for hours can cause even the best surgeons to experience hand fatigue and tremors, whereas robots are much steadier and smoother.

As in medicine there will be the need of the doctors and specialist. Medical specialists are doctors who have completed advanced education and clinical training in a specific area of medicine (their specialty area). There are types of medical specialist who are needed in medication. First is the Addiction

psychiatrists, these are medical doctors who specialize in the treatment of people with addictions to substances such as alcohol, medications, or illegal drugs. Second is the Allergist, these are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of immune system diseases. They treat people with conditions such as asthma, eczema, and allergic reactions to food, medications, insect stings, or environmental agents such as pollen. Next is Cardiac electro physiologists, these are cardiology doctors (cardiologists) who have specialized training in the heart’s electrical system. They specialize in diagnosing an d treating heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias) such as atrial fibrillation. There are many types of specialist in medication.

Conclusion

As the discussion above, the automated system with the use of artificial intelligence is more important in the assisting the doctors and the specialist in doing some diagnosis. Hence this automated systems that are programmed with the programmers with the used of artificial intelligence are faster than the human does. As an observation with this said studies I found that Artificial intelligence is important in doing operations, conducting some tests like blood tests, drug tests and many others. But as a human we never say that doctors and specialist are not important anymore because of the artificial intelligence as their assistant in doing their work because artificial intelligence is made only or designed only for assisting not to replace them as a doctor or a medical specialist

Literature Citation

Johnston, John (2008) “The Allure of Machinic Life: Cybernetics, Artificial Life, and the New AI”

Serenko, Alexander (2010). The development of an AI journal ranking based on the revealed preference approach. Journal of Informetrics 4(4): 447-459.
(http://foba.lakeheadu.ca/serenko/papers/JOI_Serenko_AI_Journal_Ranki ng_Published.pdf)

http://www.openclinical.org/aiinmedicine.htm l

http://www.hi-europe.info/files/2002/9980.htm

http://library.thinkquest.org/2705

http://library.thinkquest.org/basics.html

American Association of Orthodontists (2008). What is an orthodontist? Available online:
(http://www.braces.org/knowmore/whatis/index.cfm?renderforprint=1.)